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Singapore’s Very 
First Brain Bank

Tucked away in Novena is Singapore's very first brain bank, where post-mortem brains are preserved and studied to unlock answers that living tissue alone cannot provide.

So, what answers can post-mortem brains provide?

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What post-mortem brains provide

So, what answers can post-mortem brains provide?

Researchers look into the brain tissue in post-mortem brains to examine diseases directly within affected brain regions at a level of detail that cannot be achieved through brain imaging, blood tests, or other investigations in living individuals.

Today, rapid advances in technology have further transformed post-mortem brain research. Modern analytical platforms now enable the detection of genetic, protein, and metabolic changes in brain tissue with remarkable precision. From a small piece of brain tissue, thousands of genes can be analysed simultaneously to reveal which genes are switched on or off in specific disease states.

Under the microscope

Observable Pathological Features

01

Amyloid & Tau Deposition

Protein deposits including amyloid, tau, and Lewy bodies — visible directly in affected brain tissue.

02

Lewy Bodies

Abnormal protein aggregates associated with Parkinson's disease and other neurological conditions.

03

Inflammation

Inflammatory changes compared across brain regions and between disease and non-disease states.

04

Vascular Changes

Alterations to blood vessels examined alongside patterns of cell loss across the brain.

05

Cell Loss Patterns

Regional variations in cell loss compared between healthy and diseased states from the same organ.

06

Gene Expression

Thousands of genes analysed simultaneously to reveal which are switched on or off in specific disease states.

Such insights contribute to a more precise understanding of how neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and neuropsychiatric conditions develop and progress.

Establishing NMOSD as a Condition Distinct from Multiple Sclerosis

Research impact

Establishing NMOSD as a Condition Distinct from Multiple Sclerosis

Studies of brain and spinal cord tissue have helped to establish neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) as a condition distinct from multiple sclerosis.

These two conditions, while being distinct autoimmune disorders that attack the central nervous system, often manifest in similar symptoms such as vision loss and mobility issues. This distinction has enabled more accurate diagnoses and the development of targeted treatments.

In Singapore, this finding is particularly relevant as NMOSD is encountered more frequently here and in Asian populations than in the Western population. Such insights contribute to a more precise understanding of how neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and neuropsychiatric conditions develop and progress.

Processing

From Collection to Research: How Donated Brains Are Processed at Brain Bank Singapore (BBS)

Transfer & Retrieval

After a registered donor passes away, BBS arranges for the transfer of the body, with sensitivity to any specific religious rites — a consideration that is important in a multi-cultural society like Singapore.

The retrieval of the actual brain and cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain takes place at the Academia on the Singapore General Hospital (SGH) campus, a purpose-built facility for medical research and education, before they are sent to BBS for processing. This procedure is done by SGH pathologists or National Neuroscience Institute (NNI) neurosurgeons.

Transfer & Retrieval

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Hemispheric Division

The post-mortem brains are then divided into two hemispheres — one snap-frozen and stored in a −80°C freezer, and the other preserved and prepared for microscopic examination.

This adheres to standard international brain banking practices, which makes it possible for comprehensive molecular and microscopic investigations to be conducted from each donor so that researchers can maximise the research yield of these invaluable specimens.

Hemispheric Division

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Digital Oversight via LIMS

Undergirding the delicate and sophisticated operations of BBS is a comprehensive Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), which ensures that each specimen is accounted for and carefully preserved.

The system provides comprehensive digital oversight from retrieval through processing and distribution so that there is full traceability of every tissue sample, while maintaining rigorous quality control and ensuring efficient sample management throughout the research pipeline.

Digital Oversight via LIMS

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Why the Brain Needed a Bank of Its Own

BBS began with a simple but pressing question: how do you study the local brain, without local brains to study? Launched in 2019, BBS was born out of a growing unease among clinicians and researchers who saw dementia, Parkinson's disease, and other neurological conditions rising in Singapore, while much of the current research relied on donated brain tissue from overseas. Those samples, while invaluable, could not fully capture the genetic makeup, lived experiences, and environmental influences unique to this region. What followed was a ground-up effort by local clinical and academic leaders to build a national resource of our own.

0

Launch of Brain Bank Singapore

First

Of its kind in Southeast Asia

-0°C

Storage temperature that post-mortem brains are kept in

Thousands

Of genes analysed from 1 brain tissue

Where Singapore's Minds Come Together

Where Singapore's Minds Come Together

Apart from NNI, researchers at BBS come from partner institutions in academia, healthcare institutions and research agencies across Singapore. These strong partnerships have been instrumental in the establishment of BBS, with a significant proportion of BBS donors recruited through NNI’s neuroscience clinics.

WHERE BBS'S RESEARCHERS COME FROM

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"BBS's goal is to be a comprehensive brain resource that contains not just the physical brain specimens, but also rich molecular and genomic data associated with each sample. We hope that BBS will be the wellspring that ignites new research ideas, catalyses exciting collaborations and trailblazes neuroscience breakthroughs that will enable us to find answers and new treatments to the brain conditions that affect our population."

Asst Prof Yeo Tianrong

Deputy Director of BBS and Head and Senior Consultant, Department of Neurology, NNI@TTSH

With Tissue Samples Already Supporting Active Research Projects

Expanding reach

With Tissue Samples Already Supporting Active Research Projects

BBS continues to expand its bank as more donors come onboard to participate in this vital work of advancing brain research in Singapore.

It is with this mission in mind that BBS is working hard to also extend its reach across the region and fostering collaborations with leading research institutions and brain banks worldwide to contribute to important scientific discoveries. This is particularly important in bridging critical gaps where Asian brain tissue has been underrepresented in global research. The human brain: the most intricate organ and command centre of the body, and the most complex structure known to science.

It shapes the way we think, feel, and experience the world. Advancing brain research, therefore, holds the key to unlocking transformative breakthroughs in health and disease that has the potential to change lives, touch families, and transform communities.

BBS holds the key that can unlock this potential: to demystify and find answers to the complexities of the brain even after life ends.